carboxylic acids drivatives

Carboxylic acid derivatives:-
When other functional group combinations with the carbonyl group can be prepared from carboxylic acids, and are usually treated as related derivatives. Five common classes of these carboxylic acid derivatives are listed in the following table.

Although nitriles do not have a carbonyl group, they are included here because the functional carbon atoms all have the same oxidation state.
Reactivity of Acid Derivatives
The reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives involve substitution of the group L with nucleophiles and are known as nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction.Esters:-
Esters are named by first giving the named of the alkyl group attached to the oxygen and then identifying the carboxylic acid with –ic acid replaced by –ate







.
Preparation of Esters
Esters are prepared by the acylation of alcohols or phenols.



Esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols requires a mineral acid such as concentrated H2SO4 or HCl gas a catalyst.




Order of reactivity of the acid derivatives is